Dementia is a term used to define a wide range of brain diseases that can result in an array of symptoms. The changes taking place in the brain disrupt the function of the brain’s nerve cells (neurons), leading to cell death or damage. Alzheimer’s dementia is the most common type of dementia in the Western world, accounting for 60-80% of dementias. The overall incidence of dementia increases with age. Approximately 10% of persons over the age of 65 have been diagnosed with dementia. The number of people with dementia is estimated to double every five years beyond the age of 65.
There are several tests that may aid in determining the diagnosis of dementia. Imaging of brain anatomy with CAT scan or MRI will assess for areas of brain injury and loss of brain tissue as can be seen with widespread loss of the brain’s nerve cells. Brain PET scans are sometimes used in the detection of different types of cortical dementias such as Alzheimer’s or frontotemporal dementias. As appropriate, other tests such as EEG testing, DNA testing for genetic markers and detailed evaluations of memory and intellectual function with neuropsychological testing may be used in the determination of dementia. Laboratory testing may be performed to evaluate for other causes of dementia.
Risk Factors
- Age
- Alzheimer’s dementia
- Frontotemporal dementia
- Parkinson’s disease
- Lewy Body disease
- Vascular dementia from restricted blood supply to the brain from stroke
- Alcohol abuse
- Prior head trauma
Symptoms
- Loss of memory
- Reduced language function
- Impaired judgment
- Confusion
- Decline in complex motor skills
- Behavioral changes
- The clinical symptoms depend upon which areas of the brain have been affected
- Progression of symptoms is impacted by the risk factor(s) involved and may be sudden or gradual
Treatment
- With many different causes for dementia, the clinical presentation and clinical course can vary widely
Resources